WHAT IS A HOUSE FOR住宅所为何

Jaume Mayol: In the summer of 1998, some close friends from the Faculty of Architecture in Barcelona came to my place in Montuïri, Mallorca for their holidays. Earlier in the year we had gotten to know about Utzon’s summerhouse at university and decided to make an excursion together and find it. 

To start with, we didn’t know exactly where it was, so went down to the harbour at Porto Petro and asked the local fishermen - assuming they must have seen it. We showed them a photocopy of Can Lis and one of them, who seemed well-informed, recognised the building and gave us some instructions. Heading off, we walked south, directly along the cliff. It took quite some time as the coast meanders, alternating between short peninsulas and small bays. Eventually, between the pine trees we noticed the triangular chimneys. It was there. 

These were times without smartphones, google or GPS yet. We found it by approaching people and understanding the character of the landscape. It has remained a powerful memory. The house and the place where it rests were part of a sequence of events for us, some days of our holiday, of time spent being and searching. 

WHAT WAS YOUR FIRST IMPRESSION? 

Contrast. Simultaneously, on one hand, the house has the power of a primitive, rooted, local construction and, on the other hand, the sense of a materialized platonic idea. From far you experience these volumes as a kind of Acropolis, elegant, monumental, pure, ordered, otherworldly. 

It looks like a building for the gods. When you are closer or inside, however, it’s the most common and easy-going place on the island. It’s close to your body, very comfortable. You feel like you have known it for years. 

I can’t remember another house that brings both these characteristics together so successfully. We all have some elegant, well-proportioned houses in mind. But they are often cold and distant. Usually, if a house is too controlled, subconsciously you don’t feel welcome. In this case it’s very different, it’s like a second skin. You want to walk barefoot and follow your instincts.

Fortunately, I returned last February together with a friend and my family. It was rather cold, so we made a fire in the fireplace. We sat on the floor in the dimness, like in a cave without artificial light. Our children lay, reading or drawing next to the fire light. It was a very beautiful primordial moment.

GOING BACK TO THESE FEELINGS OF CONTRAST, TO US, THE TEMPLE-LIKE ATMOSPHERE IS GIVEN MAINLY BY THE DISCIPLINE OF CONSTRUCTION AND PROPORTION, THE DOMESTIC ONE IS INSTEAD GUARANTEED BY THE MATERIAL AND A COLLECTION OF SMALLER SPACES. IS IT SO?

When it comes to temples, I think we have a cultural idea in mind that comes from Greece, namely the image of a colonnade and a hidden, secret space behind it.

The first thing you see in pictures of Can Lis is the colonnade and the shadows. It’s not a façade. Nothing is flush with the columns. It’s a porch and it gives an association with sacred architecture. There is a definite rhythm. The pillars follow more or less the same gate in each module, guaranteeing a totemic, noble feel. 

However, a human body possess diverse perceptive tools. Not only vision but also touch, smell, temperature and many others both conscious and unconscious. Utzon understood perfectly well that we feel comfortable when at least some parts of a space have our size and are receptive to our senses. In Can Lis many scales coexist in each room. If you look at the section of the bedroom, there is a niche for the bed, the ceiling height rises up to around four meters, then just close to the window, contracts back down. Each room is quite small but complex. As far as I am concerned, good architecture, when speaking about a house at least, profits from a freedom and is not about solving everything with one move.

Generally speaking, we architects tend to draw plans, that are too strong to become spaces. At some point, they need to be allowed to deviate and foster exceptions. We need to render a house not only a clear scheme, but a liveable environment. It’s much easier to think in terms of composition and formulaic principles. It requires effort, and much greater skill to go further, to create truly architectural space, and not only geometrical sequence. In doing so, we must search for the fragile, human, even typical, presence within rooms.

IN YOUR LECTURE AT HARVARD GSD FROM 2019 YOU SPOKE ABOUT COLUMNS IN THE INTERIORS OF CAN LIS. WHAT ROLE DO THEY PLAY? IT DOESN’T SEEM THEY ARE NEEDED STRUCTURALLY.

Sometimes you go to a bar, and there, in the centre of the room is a column.  Perhaps a table close to the column might be a nice one. Perhaps you don’t feel so alone, sitting there, waiting for someone. Perhaps you are already with „someone”. 

It’s important to see a column as a presence in space, something more than purely a structural member. They might be needed for construction but most of all, they are concentrations of mass, which in certain situations, have an instinctively human bearing. 

Pillars are not only structural elements. Columns can be a presence that helps in the organization of the space too.

Can Lis contains many of these spatial actors, a sort of balanced, spatial scenography. They could easily be perceived as unnecessary, and are by no means pragmatic, but they offer something else. Their presence is definitely not irrational.

For instance, the windows are not only openings, they are rooms. And although the sea is there, just below, in all its massivness, the room absorbs and softens this wild front, not only offering a protected place to sit and read a book but also to present the view, the presence of the sea, to the rest of the house.

I find it crucial to underline the role of each element of a building. In any element there are many projects hidden. Can Lis is an example of this kind of curiosity. Utzon thought about the relationships between things, not about separate functions or images. He designed sequences of moments at the scale of a room, a house, a territory.

TELL US MORE ABOUT WHAT MAKES CAN LIS SUCH A DELIGHTFUL ENVIRONMENT.

When Jorn Utzon came to Mallorca, he discovered the marés, a local sandstone, a traditional material used to build both popular and representative buildings all over the island (from pigsties to churches or for instance the Llonja fishmarket in Palma). Back in the 70’s it was considered an old-fashioned material. During the modern era the entire construction industry switched to concrete, a material of mass production, which in-turn accelerated the response to the needs of an ever increasing mass tourism.

As a society, we substituted a common and traditional material calibrated to our climate by something that offered another kind of comfort - low initial investment, predictability, regularity, quickness, and new technology - thermostats, air conditioning, humidifiers etc. Cheap energy enabled this complicated simplistic change. Now, due to the climate crisis, we start to rediscover that the former primitive materials and techniques offer many intelligent advantages. In Mallorca more and more often we have 40 to 45 degrees Celsius in summer and the marés with its high thermal inertia helps to keep buildings cool. This stone also offers hygroscopic conditions, that means that because of its porosity it absorbs water molecules in the cooler months. When it gets really hot, the water evaporates, as though the building were sweating; a body self-regulating its temperature. This hygroscopic characteristic combined with cross ventilation strategies allows to cool down the space in a natural way.

Utzon had a foresighted approach and studied the properties of local materials and construction technology carefully to exploit all their advantages. I think this is something that is true in all his projects. He knew that every place possessed specific qualities, and wherever you go, there is always the fundamental question: What do I have to hand and what can I do with what I have? 

THE USE OF NATURAL LOCAL MATERIALS USUALLY MEANS SOME GRADE OF IRREGULARITY AND IMPERFECTION. IS IT AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF A HOMELY HOUSE?

I find that the perfect imperfection of natural materials helps to humanize the space. You will never see two identical blocks of sandstone, or two pieces of wood. These differences give a house a unique echo. Marés is a quite light stone you can cut with a handsaw. 

I find it interesting that Utzon shows this fragility, he completely understands the capacity of the material, the execution cannot be millimeter perfect and he knows this and appreciates the tolerance of the stone in his measures. It is about a certain grade of unpredictability and an ability to embrace this unknown.

Over time, Utzon’s house has experienced several modifications. For example, in a certain moment the architect made the dining room bigger and he added some steps between the kitchen and the dining room. All these transformations were part of the formula of Can Lis architecture. He wanted to show that this house was a normal house, meaning it was possible to rearrange it.

There is an architecture that we can compare to eggs: good-looking, refined, perfect, but untouchable, you cannot add or remove anything without breaking the egg.

There is another architecture that allows to be modified, it allows people to take ownership of it. This is the traditional architecture, but also the architecture of Can Lis. 

04.04.2023

詹姆-马约尔: 1998年夏天,巴塞罗那建筑学院的几位好友来到我位于马略卡岛蒙特伊里的住处度假。那年早些时候,我们在大学了解到了伍重的夏季自宅,于是决定一起去寻找它。

一开始,我们不确切知道它在哪里,于是就下到了佩特罗港口(Porto Petro),询问当地的渔夫——我想他们一定见过。我们给他们看了坎客利斯宅(Can Lis)的影印件,其中一位渔民似乎很了解,认出了这座建筑,并给了我们一些指示。出发后,我们直接沿着悬崖向南走。海岸线蜿蜒曲折,在短半岛和小海湾之间交替,我们走了不少时间。终于,我们在松树间看到了三角形的烟囱。它就在那里。

那时还没有智能手机、谷歌或全球定位系统。我们通过与人交流和了解地貌特征来找到它的。这给我们留下了深刻的记忆。这座住宅和它所在的地方对我们来说,是一系列事件的一部分,是我们假期中的寥寥数日,是我们用于存在和寻找的时光。

您的第一印象是什么?

对比。一方面,这栋房子具有原始、扎根于当地的建筑力量,另一方面,它又让人感到一种具象化的柏拉图式理念。从远处看,你会觉得这些体量就像某种雅典卫城,优雅的、纪念性的、纯净、有序、超凡脱俗。

它看起来像是为神灵而建的房子。然而,当你走近或置身其中时,它却是岛上最普通、最随和的地方。它贴近你的身体,非常舒适。你会觉得自己已经认识它多年了。

我不记得还有哪座住宅能如此成功地将这两个特点结合在一起。我们心中都有一些优雅、匀称的住宅。但它们往往冷漠而疏离。通常情况下,如果一所住宅被过分控制,潜意识里你就会觉得不太友善。但在这种情况下却大为不同,它就像你的第二层皮肤。你会想赤脚行走,跟随自己的直觉。

幸运的是,去年二月我和一位朋友以及我的家人一起回到了这里。当时天气相当寒冷,我们在壁炉里生了火。我们坐在昏暗的地板上,就像坐在没有人工照明的洞穴里。我们的孩子们躺在火光旁阅读或者画画。那是一个非常美丽的原始时刻。

回到这些对比的感受上,对我们来说,寺庙般的氛围主要是由建构和比例的纪律性所赋予的,而家居氛围则是由材料和较小空间的组合所保证的。是这样吗?

说到寺庙,我认为我们脑海中有一个来自希腊的文化理念,即柱廊和柱廊后面隐藏的秘密空间的形象。

在坎客利斯宅的照片中,首先映入眼帘的是柱廊和阴影。这不是一个正立面。没有什么与柱子齐平。它是一个门廊,给人一种与神圣建筑相关联的感觉。这里有明确的韵律。柱子大致上在每个模块中遵循相同的间距,保证了一种图腾式的高贵感。

然而,人体拥有多种感知工具。不仅是视觉,还有触觉、嗅觉、温度以及其他许多有意识和无意识的感知工具。伍重非常清楚,当一个空间至少有一些部分与我们的尺寸相符并能刺激我们的感官时,我们才会感到舒适。在坎客利斯宅中,每个房间都有多种尺度。如果你看看卧室的剖面,有一个放置床的壁龛,天花板的高度上升到四米左右,然后就在靠近窗户的地方,又收缩下来。每个房间都相当小,但却很复杂。在我看来,好的建筑,至少是在谈论一座住宅时,应该具备一定的自由度,而不是试图用一种方式解决所有问题。

一般来说,我们建筑师往往会画出过于强势的平面图,以至于无法形成空间。在某些情况下,需要允许它们出现偏差和例外。我们要让住宅不仅仅是一个清晰的方案,还要是一个宜居的环境。以构图和公式化原则来思考要容易得多。要想更进一步,创造出真正的建筑空间,而不仅仅是几何序列,需要付出更多的努力和更高的技巧。为此,我们必须在房间中寻找脆弱、人性,甚至是典型的存在

2019年,您在哈佛大学设计学院的讲座中谈到了坎客利斯宅内部的柱子。它们起什么作用?在结构上它们似乎并不必要。

有时你去酒吧,房间中央有一根柱子。也许在靠近柱子的地方放一张桌子会很不错。坐在那里等着某人,或许你不会感到孤单。或许你已经和 “某人“在一起了。

重要的是将柱子视为空间中的存在,而不仅仅是纯粹的结构部件。它们在建筑上可能是必需的,但最重要的是,它们是质量的集中体现,在某些情况下具有直观的人性特质。

柱子不仅是结构元素。柱子也是一种有助于组织空间的存在。

坎客利斯宅包含许多这样的空间角色,是一种平衡的空间场景。它们很容易被认为是多余的,也绝不是实用的,但它们却提供了其他的东西。它们的存在绝对不是不合理的。

例如,窗户不仅是开口,也是房间。虽然大海就在下面,它的庞大就在那里,但房间吸收并柔化了这个狂野的界面,不仅提供了一个受保护的坐下来读书的地方,还将大海的景色和存在呈现给了住宅的其他部分。

我认为,强调建筑中每个元素的作用至关重要。在任何元素中都隐藏着许多其他方案。坎客利斯宅就是这种好奇心的一个例子。伍重考虑的是事物之间的关系,而不是单独的功能或形象。他设计的是一个房间、一栋住宅、一片土地的各个瞬间的序列。

请和我们多讲讲是什么让坎客利斯宅具有如此令人愉悦的环境。

当约翰客伍重来到马略卡岛时,他发现了当地的砂岩马雷石(marés),这种传统材料被用于建造全岛的流行建筑和代表性建筑(从猪圈到教堂,例如帕尔马的隆贾鱼市)。在上世纪70年代,这种材料还被认为是一种过时的材料。在现代社会,整个建筑行业转向了混凝土,这是一种大规模生产的材料,进而加速了对不断增长的大规模旅游需求的响应。

作为一个社会,我们用提供另一种舒适的东西——低初始投资、可预测性、规律性、快捷性和新技术,如恒温器、空调、加湿器等——取代了与我们的气候相适应的普通传统材料。廉价的能源促成了这种复杂而简单的变化。现在,由于气候危机,我们开始重新发现以前的原始材料和技术具有许多智能优势。在马略卡岛,夏季经常出现4045摄氏度的高温,而具有高热惯性的马雷石有助于保持建筑物凉爽。这种石材还具有吸湿性,也就是说,由于它的多孔性,在凉爽的月份里会吸收水分子。当天气变得非常炎热时,水分蒸发,就像建筑物在出汗一样,自我调节温度。这种吸湿特性与交叉通风策略相结合,能以自然的方式为空间降温。 

伍重具有远见卓识,他仔细研究了当地材料的特性和施工技术,以充分利用它们的所有优势。我认为他的所有项目中都是如此。他知道,每个地方都有其特殊性,无论你走到哪里,都会遇到一个基本问题:我手头有什么,我可以用手头的资源做什么?

使用当地的天然材料通常意味着某种程度的不规则和瑕疵。这是否是一个温馨之家的重要特征?

我发现,天然材料的完美的瑕疵有助于使空间人性化。你永远不会看到两块完全相同的砂岩或两块完全相同的木头。这些差异给房屋带来了独特的回声。马雷石是一种很轻的石头,可以用手锯切割。

我觉得有趣的是伍重展示了这种脆弱性,他完全了解这种材料的承受能力,在施工过程中不可能做到毫厘不差,他知道这一点,并欣赏石材在尺寸上的宽容度。这涉及到一定程度的不可预测性和接受未知的能力。

随着时间的推移,伍重的住宅经历了多次改建。例如,在某一时刻,建筑师扩大了餐厅,并在厨房和餐厅之间增加了一些台阶。所有这些改造都是坎客利斯宅建筑风格的一部分。他想让人们知道,这栋住宅是一栋普通的住宅,也就是说,它是可以重新布置的。

有一种建筑,我们可以将其比作鸡蛋:外表漂亮,精致,完美,但不可触摸,你不能添加或移除任何东西,否则就会打破蛋壳。

还有一种建筑,它允许被修改,允许人们拥有它。这就是传统建筑,也是坎客利斯宅的建筑方式。

202344

Jaume Mayol: In the summer of 1998, some close friends from the Faculty of Architecture in Barcelona came to my place in Montuïri, Mallorca for their holidays. Earlier in the year we had gotten to know about Utzon’s summerhouse at university and decided to make an excursion together and find it. 

To start with, we didn’t know exactly where it was, so went down to the harbour at Porto Petro and asked the local fishermen - assuming they must have seen it. We showed them a photocopy of Can Lis and one of them, who seemed well-informed, recognised the building and gave us some instructions. Heading off, we walked south, directly along the cliff. It took quite some time as the coast meanders, alternating between short peninsulas and small bays. Eventually, between the pine trees we noticed the triangular chimneys. It was there. 

These were times without smartphones, google or GPS yet. We found it by approaching people and understanding the character of the landscape. It has remained a powerful memory. The house and the place where it rests were part of a sequence of events for us, some days of our holiday, of time spent being and searching. 

WHAT WAS YOUR FIRST IMPRESSION? 

Contrast. Simultaneously, on one hand, the house has the power of a primitive, rooted, local construction and, on the other hand, the sense of a materialized platonic idea. From far you experience these volumes as a kind of Acropolis, elegant, monumental, pure, ordered, otherworldly. 

It looks like a building for the gods. When you are closer or inside, however, it’s the most common and easy-going place on the island. It’s close to your body, very comfortable. You feel like you have known it for years. 

I can’t remember another house that brings both these characteristics together so successfully. We all have some elegant, well-proportioned houses in mind. But they are often cold and distant. Usually, if a house is too controlled, subconsciously you don’t feel welcome. In this case it’s very different, it’s like a second skin. You want to walk barefoot and follow your instincts.

Fortunately, I returned last February together with a friend and my family. It was rather cold, so we made a fire in the fireplace. We sat on the floor in the dimness, like in a cave without artificial light. Our children lay, reading or drawing next to the fire light. It was a very beautiful primordial moment.

GOING BACK TO THESE FEELINGS OF CONTRAST, TO US, THE TEMPLE-LIKE ATMOSPHERE IS GIVEN MAINLY BY THE DISCIPLINE OF CONSTRUCTION AND PROPORTION, THE DOMESTIC ONE IS INSTEAD GUARANTEED BY THE MATERIAL AND A COLLECTION OF SMALLER SPACES. IS IT SO?

When it comes to temples, I think we have a cultural idea in mind that comes from Greece, namely the image of a colonnade and a hidden, secret space behind it.

The first thing you see in pictures of Can Lis is the colonnade and the shadows. It’s not a façade. Nothing is flush with the columns. It’s a porch and it gives an association with sacred architecture. There is a definite rhythm. The pillars follow more or less the same gate in each module, guaranteeing a totemic, noble feel. 

However, a human body possess diverse perceptive tools. Not only vision but also touch, smell, temperature and many others both conscious and unconscious. Utzon understood perfectly well that we feel comfortable when at least some parts of a space have our size and are receptive to our senses. In Can Lis many scales coexist in each room. If you look at the section of the bedroom, there is a niche for the bed, the ceiling height rises up to around four meters, then just close to the window, contracts back down. Each room is quite small but complex. As far as I am concerned, good architecture, when speaking about a house at least, profits from a freedom and is not about solving everything with one move.

Generally speaking, we architects tend to draw plans, that are too strong to become spaces. At some point, they need to be allowed to deviate and foster exceptions. We need to render a house not only a clear scheme, but a liveable environment. It’s much easier to think in terms of composition and formulaic principles. It requires effort, and much greater skill to go further, to create truly architectural space, and not only geometrical sequence. In doing so, we must search for the fragile, human, even typical, presence within rooms.

IN YOUR LECTURE AT HARVARD GSD FROM 2019 YOU SPOKE ABOUT COLUMNS IN THE INTERIORS OF CAN LIS. WHAT ROLE DO THEY PLAY? IT DOESN’T SEEM THEY ARE NEEDED STRUCTURALLY.

Sometimes you go to a bar, and there, in the centre of the room is a column.  Perhaps a table close to the column might be a nice one. Perhaps you don’t feel so alone, sitting there, waiting for someone. Perhaps you are already with „someone”. 

It’s important to see a column as a presence in space, something more than purely a structural member. They might be needed for construction but most of all, they are concentrations of mass, which in certain situations, have an instinctively human bearing. 

Pillars are not only structural elements. Columns can be a presence that helps in the organization of the space too.

Can Lis contains many of these spatial actors, a sort of balanced, spatial scenography. They could easily be perceived as unnecessary, and are by no means pragmatic, but they offer something else. Their presence is definitely not irrational.

For instance, the windows are not only openings, they are rooms. And although the sea is there, just below, in all its massivness, the room absorbs and softens this wild front, not only offering a protected place to sit and read a book but also to present the view, the presence of the sea, to the rest of the house.

I find it crucial to underline the role of each element of a building. In any element there are many projects hidden. Can Lis is an example of this kind of curiosity. Utzon thought about the relationships between things, not about separate functions or images. He designed sequences of moments at the scale of a room, a house, a territory.

TELL US MORE ABOUT WHAT MAKES CAN LIS SUCH A DELIGHTFUL ENVIRONMENT.

When Jorn Utzon came to Mallorca, he discovered the marés, a local sandstone, a traditional material used to build both popular and representative buildings all over the island (from pigsties to churches or for instance the Llonja fishmarket in Palma). Back in the 70’s it was considered an old-fashioned material. During the modern era the entire construction industry switched to concrete, a material of mass production, which in-turn accelerated the response to the needs of an ever increasing mass tourism.

As a society, we substituted a common and traditional material calibrated to our climate by something that offered another kind of comfort - low initial investment, predictability, regularity, quickness, and new technology - thermostats, air conditioning, humidifiers etc. Cheap energy enabled this complicated simplistic change. Now, due to the climate crisis, we start to rediscover that the former primitive materials and techniques offer many intelligent advantages. In Mallorca more and more often we have 40 to 45 degrees Celsius in summer and the marés with its high thermal inertia helps to keep buildings cool. This stone also offers hygroscopic conditions, that means that because of its porosity it absorbs water molecules in the cooler months. When it gets really hot, the water evaporates, as though the building were sweating; a body self-regulating its temperature. This hygroscopic characteristic combined with cross ventilation strategies allows to cool down the space in a natural way.

Utzon had a foresighted approach and studied the properties of local materials and construction technology carefully to exploit all their advantages. I think this is something that is true in all his projects. He knew that every place possessed specific qualities, and wherever you go, there is always the fundamental question: What do I have to hand and what can I do with what I have? 

THE USE OF NATURAL LOCAL MATERIALS USUALLY MEANS SOME GRADE OF IRREGULARITY AND IMPERFECTION. IS IT AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF A HOMELY HOUSE?

I find that the perfect imperfection of natural materials helps to humanize the space. You will never see two identical blocks of sandstone, or two pieces of wood. These differences give a house a unique echo. Marés is a quite light stone you can cut with a handsaw. 

I find it interesting that Utzon shows this fragility, he completely understands the capacity of the material, the execution cannot be millimeter perfect and he knows this and appreciates the tolerance of the stone in his measures. It is about a certain grade of unpredictability and an ability to embrace this unknown.

Over time, Utzon’s house has experienced several modifications. For example, in a certain moment the architect made the dining room bigger and he added some steps between the kitchen and the dining room. All these transformations were part of the formula of Can Lis architecture. He wanted to show that this house was a normal house, meaning it was possible to rearrange it.

There is an architecture that we can compare to eggs: good-looking, refined, perfect, but untouchable, you cannot add or remove anything without breaking the egg.

There is another architecture that allows to be modified, it allows people to take ownership of it. This is the traditional architecture, but also the architecture of Can Lis. 

04.04.2023

詹姆-马约尔: 1998年夏天,巴塞罗那建筑学院的几位好友来到我位于马略卡岛蒙特伊里的住处度假。那年早些时候,我们在大学了解到了伍重的夏季自宅,于是决定一起去寻找它。

一开始,我们不确切知道它在哪里,于是就下到了佩特罗港口(Porto Petro),询问当地的渔夫——我想他们一定见过。我们给他们看了坎客利斯宅(Can Lis)的影印件,其中一位渔民似乎很了解,认出了这座建筑,并给了我们一些指示。出发后,我们直接沿着悬崖向南走。海岸线蜿蜒曲折,在短半岛和小海湾之间交替,我们走了不少时间。终于,我们在松树间看到了三角形的烟囱。它就在那里。

那时还没有智能手机、谷歌或全球定位系统。我们通过与人交流和了解地貌特征来找到它的。这给我们留下了深刻的记忆。这座住宅和它所在的地方对我们来说,是一系列事件的一部分,是我们假期中的寥寥数日,是我们用于存在和寻找的时光。

您的第一印象是什么?

对比。一方面,这栋房子具有原始、扎根于当地的建筑力量,另一方面,它又让人感到一种具象化的柏拉图式理念。从远处看,你会觉得这些体量就像某种雅典卫城,优雅的、纪念性的、纯净、有序、超凡脱俗。

它看起来像是为神灵而建的房子。然而,当你走近或置身其中时,它却是岛上最普通、最随和的地方。它贴近你的身体,非常舒适。你会觉得自己已经认识它多年了。

我不记得还有哪座住宅能如此成功地将这两个特点结合在一起。我们心中都有一些优雅、匀称的住宅。但它们往往冷漠而疏离。通常情况下,如果一所住宅被过分控制,潜意识里你就会觉得不太友善。但在这种情况下却大为不同,它就像你的第二层皮肤。你会想赤脚行走,跟随自己的直觉。

幸运的是,去年二月我和一位朋友以及我的家人一起回到了这里。当时天气相当寒冷,我们在壁炉里生了火。我们坐在昏暗的地板上,就像坐在没有人工照明的洞穴里。我们的孩子们躺在火光旁阅读或者画画。那是一个非常美丽的原始时刻。

回到这些对比的感受上,对我们来说,寺庙般的氛围主要是由建构和比例的纪律性所赋予的,而家居氛围则是由材料和较小空间的组合所保证的。是这样吗?

说到寺庙,我认为我们脑海中有一个来自希腊的文化理念,即柱廊和柱廊后面隐藏的秘密空间的形象。

在坎客利斯宅的照片中,首先映入眼帘的是柱廊和阴影。这不是一个正立面。没有什么与柱子齐平。它是一个门廊,给人一种与神圣建筑相关联的感觉。这里有明确的韵律。柱子大致上在每个模块中遵循相同的间距,保证了一种图腾式的高贵感。

然而,人体拥有多种感知工具。不仅是视觉,还有触觉、嗅觉、温度以及其他许多有意识和无意识的感知工具。伍重非常清楚,当一个空间至少有一些部分与我们的尺寸相符并能刺激我们的感官时,我们才会感到舒适。在坎客利斯宅中,每个房间都有多种尺度。如果你看看卧室的剖面,有一个放置床的壁龛,天花板的高度上升到四米左右,然后就在靠近窗户的地方,又收缩下来。每个房间都相当小,但却很复杂。在我看来,好的建筑,至少是在谈论一座住宅时,应该具备一定的自由度,而不是试图用一种方式解决所有问题。

一般来说,我们建筑师往往会画出过于强势的平面图,以至于无法形成空间。在某些情况下,需要允许它们出现偏差和例外。我们要让住宅不仅仅是一个清晰的方案,还要是一个宜居的环境。以构图和公式化原则来思考要容易得多。要想更进一步,创造出真正的建筑空间,而不仅仅是几何序列,需要付出更多的努力和更高的技巧。为此,我们必须在房间中寻找脆弱、人性,甚至是典型的存在

2019年,您在哈佛大学设计学院的讲座中谈到了坎客利斯宅内部的柱子。它们起什么作用?在结构上它们似乎并不必要。

有时你去酒吧,房间中央有一根柱子。也许在靠近柱子的地方放一张桌子会很不错。坐在那里等着某人,或许你不会感到孤单。或许你已经和 “某人“在一起了。

重要的是将柱子视为空间中的存在,而不仅仅是纯粹的结构部件。它们在建筑上可能是必需的,但最重要的是,它们是质量的集中体现,在某些情况下具有直观的人性特质。

柱子不仅是结构元素。柱子也是一种有助于组织空间的存在。

坎客利斯宅包含许多这样的空间角色,是一种平衡的空间场景。它们很容易被认为是多余的,也绝不是实用的,但它们却提供了其他的东西。它们的存在绝对不是不合理的。

例如,窗户不仅是开口,也是房间。虽然大海就在下面,它的庞大就在那里,但房间吸收并柔化了这个狂野的界面,不仅提供了一个受保护的坐下来读书的地方,还将大海的景色和存在呈现给了住宅的其他部分。

我认为,强调建筑中每个元素的作用至关重要。在任何元素中都隐藏着许多其他方案。坎客利斯宅就是这种好奇心的一个例子。伍重考虑的是事物之间的关系,而不是单独的功能或形象。他设计的是一个房间、一栋住宅、一片土地的各个瞬间的序列。

请和我们多讲讲是什么让坎客利斯宅具有如此令人愉悦的环境。

当约翰客伍重来到马略卡岛时,他发现了当地的砂岩马雷石(marés),这种传统材料被用于建造全岛的流行建筑和代表性建筑(从猪圈到教堂,例如帕尔马的隆贾鱼市)。在上世纪70年代,这种材料还被认为是一种过时的材料。在现代社会,整个建筑行业转向了混凝土,这是一种大规模生产的材料,进而加速了对不断增长的大规模旅游需求的响应。

作为一个社会,我们用提供另一种舒适的东西——低初始投资、可预测性、规律性、快捷性和新技术,如恒温器、空调、加湿器等——取代了与我们的气候相适应的普通传统材料。廉价的能源促成了这种复杂而简单的变化。现在,由于气候危机,我们开始重新发现以前的原始材料和技术具有许多智能优势。在马略卡岛,夏季经常出现4045摄氏度的高温,而具有高热惯性的马雷石有助于保持建筑物凉爽。这种石材还具有吸湿性,也就是说,由于它的多孔性,在凉爽的月份里会吸收水分子。当天气变得非常炎热时,水分蒸发,就像建筑物在出汗一样,自我调节温度。这种吸湿特性与交叉通风策略相结合,能以自然的方式为空间降温。 

伍重具有远见卓识,他仔细研究了当地材料的特性和施工技术,以充分利用它们的所有优势。我认为他的所有项目中都是如此。他知道,每个地方都有其特殊性,无论你走到哪里,都会遇到一个基本问题:我手头有什么,我可以用手头的资源做什么?

使用当地的天然材料通常意味着某种程度的不规则和瑕疵。这是否是一个温馨之家的重要特征?

我发现,天然材料的完美的瑕疵有助于使空间人性化。你永远不会看到两块完全相同的砂岩或两块完全相同的木头。这些差异给房屋带来了独特的回声。马雷石是一种很轻的石头,可以用手锯切割。

我觉得有趣的是伍重展示了这种脆弱性,他完全了解这种材料的承受能力,在施工过程中不可能做到毫厘不差,他知道这一点,并欣赏石材在尺寸上的宽容度。这涉及到一定程度的不可预测性和接受未知的能力。

随着时间的推移,伍重的住宅经历了多次改建。例如,在某一时刻,建筑师扩大了餐厅,并在厨房和餐厅之间增加了一些台阶。所有这些改造都是坎客利斯宅建筑风格的一部分。他想让人们知道,这栋住宅是一栋普通的住宅,也就是说,它是可以重新布置的。

有一种建筑,我们可以将其比作鸡蛋:外表漂亮,精致,完美,但不可触摸,你不能添加或移除任何东西,否则就会打破蛋壳。

还有一种建筑,它允许被修改,允许人们拥有它。这就是传统建筑,也是坎客利斯宅的建筑方式。

202344

Jaume Mayol: In the summer of 1998, some close friends from the Faculty of Architecture in Barcelona came to my place in Montuïri, Mallorca for their holidays. Earlier in the year we had gotten to know about Utzon’s summerhouse at university and decided to make an excursion together and find it. 

To start with, we didn’t know exactly where it was, so went down to the harbour at Porto Petro and asked the local fishermen - assuming they must have seen it. We showed them a photocopy of Can Lis and one of them, who seemed well-informed, recognised the building and gave us some instructions. Heading off, we walked south, directly along the cliff. It took quite some time as the coast meanders, alternating between short peninsulas and small bays. Eventually, between the pine trees we noticed the triangular chimneys. It was there. 

These were times without smartphones, google or GPS yet. We found it by approaching people and understanding the character of the landscape. It has remained a powerful memory. The house and the place where it rests were part of a sequence of events for us, some days of our holiday, of time spent being and searching. 

WHAT WAS YOUR FIRST IMPRESSION? 

Contrast. Simultaneously, on one hand, the house has the power of a primitive, rooted, local construction and, on the other hand, the sense of a materialized platonic idea. From far you experience these volumes as a kind of Acropolis, elegant, monumental, pure, ordered, otherworldly. 

It looks like a building for the gods. When you are closer or inside, however, it’s the most common and easy-going place on the island. It’s close to your body, very comfortable. You feel like you have known it for years. 

I can’t remember another house that brings both these characteristics together so successfully. We all have some elegant, well-proportioned houses in mind. But they are often cold and distant. Usually, if a house is too controlled, subconsciously you don’t feel welcome. In this case it’s very different, it’s like a second skin. You want to walk barefoot and follow your instincts.

Fortunately, I returned last February together with a friend and my family. It was rather cold, so we made a fire in the fireplace. We sat on the floor in the dimness, like in a cave without artificial light. Our children lay, reading or drawing next to the fire light. It was a very beautiful primordial moment.

GOING BACK TO THESE FEELINGS OF CONTRAST, TO US, THE TEMPLE-LIKE ATMOSPHERE IS GIVEN MAINLY BY THE DISCIPLINE OF CONSTRUCTION AND PROPORTION, THE DOMESTIC ONE IS INSTEAD GUARANTEED BY THE MATERIAL AND A COLLECTION OF SMALLER SPACES. IS IT SO?

When it comes to temples, I think we have a cultural idea in mind that comes from Greece, namely the image of a colonnade and a hidden, secret space behind it.

The first thing you see in pictures of Can Lis is the colonnade and the shadows. It’s not a façade. Nothing is flush with the columns. It’s a porch and it gives an association with sacred architecture. There is a definite rhythm. The pillars follow more or less the same gate in each module, guaranteeing a totemic, noble feel. 

However, a human body possess diverse perceptive tools. Not only vision but also touch, smell, temperature and many others both conscious and unconscious. Utzon understood perfectly well that we feel comfortable when at least some parts of a space have our size and are receptive to our senses. In Can Lis many scales coexist in each room. If you look at the section of the bedroom, there is a niche for the bed, the ceiling height rises up to around four meters, then just close to the window, contracts back down. Each room is quite small but complex. As far as I am concerned, good architecture, when speaking about a house at least, profits from a freedom and is not about solving everything with one move.

Generally speaking, we architects tend to draw plans, that are too strong to become spaces. At some point, they need to be allowed to deviate and foster exceptions. We need to render a house not only a clear scheme, but a liveable environment. It’s much easier to think in terms of composition and formulaic principles. It requires effort, and much greater skill to go further, to create truly architectural space, and not only geometrical sequence. In doing so, we must search for the fragile, human, even typical, presence within rooms.

IN YOUR LECTURE AT HARVARD GSD FROM 2019 YOU SPOKE ABOUT COLUMNS IN THE INTERIORS OF CAN LIS. WHAT ROLE DO THEY PLAY? IT DOESN’T SEEM THEY ARE NEEDED STRUCTURALLY.

Sometimes you go to a bar, and there, in the centre of the room is a column.  Perhaps a table close to the column might be a nice one. Perhaps you don’t feel so alone, sitting there, waiting for someone. Perhaps you are already with „someone”. 

It’s important to see a column as a presence in space, something more than purely a structural member. They might be needed for construction but most of all, they are concentrations of mass, which in certain situations, have an instinctively human bearing. 

Pillars are not only structural elements. Columns can be a presence that helps in the organization of the space too.

Can Lis contains many of these spatial actors, a sort of balanced, spatial scenography. They could easily be perceived as unnecessary, and are by no means pragmatic, but they offer something else. Their presence is definitely not irrational.

For instance, the windows are not only openings, they are rooms. And although the sea is there, just below, in all its massivness, the room absorbs and softens this wild front, not only offering a protected place to sit and read a book but also to present the view, the presence of the sea, to the rest of the house.

I find it crucial to underline the role of each element of a building. In any element there are many projects hidden. Can Lis is an example of this kind of curiosity. Utzon thought about the relationships between things, not about separate functions or images. He designed sequences of moments at the scale of a room, a house, a territory.

TELL US MORE ABOUT WHAT MAKES CAN LIS SUCH A DELIGHTFUL ENVIRONMENT.

When Jorn Utzon came to Mallorca, he discovered the marés, a local sandstone, a traditional material used to build both popular and representative buildings all over the island (from pigsties to churches or for instance the Llonja fishmarket in Palma). Back in the 70’s it was considered an old-fashioned material. During the modern era the entire construction industry switched to concrete, a material of mass production, which in-turn accelerated the response to the needs of an ever increasing mass tourism.

As a society, we substituted a common and traditional material calibrated to our climate by something that offered another kind of comfort - low initial investment, predictability, regularity, quickness, and new technology - thermostats, air conditioning, humidifiers etc. Cheap energy enabled this complicated simplistic change. Now, due to the climate crisis, we start to rediscover that the former primitive materials and techniques offer many intelligent advantages. In Mallorca more and more often we have 40 to 45 degrees Celsius in summer and the marés with its high thermal inertia helps to keep buildings cool. This stone also offers hygroscopic conditions, that means that because of its porosity it absorbs water molecules in the cooler months. When it gets really hot, the water evaporates, as though the building were sweating; a body self-regulating its temperature. This hygroscopic characteristic combined with cross ventilation strategies allows to cool down the space in a natural way.

Utzon had a foresighted approach and studied the properties of local materials and construction technology carefully to exploit all their advantages. I think this is something that is true in all his projects. He knew that every place possessed specific qualities, and wherever you go, there is always the fundamental question: What do I have to hand and what can I do with what I have? 

THE USE OF NATURAL LOCAL MATERIALS USUALLY MEANS SOME GRADE OF IRREGULARITY AND IMPERFECTION. IS IT AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF A HOMELY HOUSE?

I find that the perfect imperfection of natural materials helps to humanize the space. You will never see two identical blocks of sandstone, or two pieces of wood. These differences give a house a unique echo. Marés is a quite light stone you can cut with a handsaw. 

I find it interesting that Utzon shows this fragility, he completely understands the capacity of the material, the execution cannot be millimeter perfect and he knows this and appreciates the tolerance of the stone in his measures. It is about a certain grade of unpredictability and an ability to embrace this unknown.

Over time, Utzon’s house has experienced several modifications. For example, in a certain moment the architect made the dining room bigger and he added some steps between the kitchen and the dining room. All these transformations were part of the formula of Can Lis architecture. He wanted to show that this house was a normal house, meaning it was possible to rearrange it.

There is an architecture that we can compare to eggs: good-looking, refined, perfect, but untouchable, you cannot add or remove anything without breaking the egg.

There is another architecture that allows to be modified, it allows people to take ownership of it. This is the traditional architecture, but also the architecture of Can Lis. 

04.04.2023

詹姆-马约尔: 1998年夏天,巴塞罗那建筑学院的几位好友来到我位于马略卡岛蒙特伊里的住处度假。那年早些时候,我们在大学了解到了伍重的夏季自宅,于是决定一起去寻找它。

一开始,我们不确切知道它在哪里,于是就下到了佩特罗港口(Porto Petro),询问当地的渔夫——我想他们一定见过。我们给他们看了坎客利斯宅(Can Lis)的影印件,其中一位渔民似乎很了解,认出了这座建筑,并给了我们一些指示。出发后,我们直接沿着悬崖向南走。海岸线蜿蜒曲折,在短半岛和小海湾之间交替,我们走了不少时间。终于,我们在松树间看到了三角形的烟囱。它就在那里。

那时还没有智能手机、谷歌或全球定位系统。我们通过与人交流和了解地貌特征来找到它的。这给我们留下了深刻的记忆。这座住宅和它所在的地方对我们来说,是一系列事件的一部分,是我们假期中的寥寥数日,是我们用于存在和寻找的时光。

您的第一印象是什么?

对比。一方面,这栋房子具有原始、扎根于当地的建筑力量,另一方面,它又让人感到一种具象化的柏拉图式理念。从远处看,你会觉得这些体量就像某种雅典卫城,优雅的、纪念性的、纯净、有序、超凡脱俗。

它看起来像是为神灵而建的房子。然而,当你走近或置身其中时,它却是岛上最普通、最随和的地方。它贴近你的身体,非常舒适。你会觉得自己已经认识它多年了。

我不记得还有哪座住宅能如此成功地将这两个特点结合在一起。我们心中都有一些优雅、匀称的住宅。但它们往往冷漠而疏离。通常情况下,如果一所住宅被过分控制,潜意识里你就会觉得不太友善。但在这种情况下却大为不同,它就像你的第二层皮肤。你会想赤脚行走,跟随自己的直觉。

幸运的是,去年二月我和一位朋友以及我的家人一起回到了这里。当时天气相当寒冷,我们在壁炉里生了火。我们坐在昏暗的地板上,就像坐在没有人工照明的洞穴里。我们的孩子们躺在火光旁阅读或者画画。那是一个非常美丽的原始时刻。

回到这些对比的感受上,对我们来说,寺庙般的氛围主要是由建构和比例的纪律性所赋予的,而家居氛围则是由材料和较小空间的组合所保证的。是这样吗?

说到寺庙,我认为我们脑海中有一个来自希腊的文化理念,即柱廊和柱廊后面隐藏的秘密空间的形象。

在坎客利斯宅的照片中,首先映入眼帘的是柱廊和阴影。这不是一个正立面。没有什么与柱子齐平。它是一个门廊,给人一种与神圣建筑相关联的感觉。这里有明确的韵律。柱子大致上在每个模块中遵循相同的间距,保证了一种图腾式的高贵感。

然而,人体拥有多种感知工具。不仅是视觉,还有触觉、嗅觉、温度以及其他许多有意识和无意识的感知工具。伍重非常清楚,当一个空间至少有一些部分与我们的尺寸相符并能刺激我们的感官时,我们才会感到舒适。在坎客利斯宅中,每个房间都有多种尺度。如果你看看卧室的剖面,有一个放置床的壁龛,天花板的高度上升到四米左右,然后就在靠近窗户的地方,又收缩下来。每个房间都相当小,但却很复杂。在我看来,好的建筑,至少是在谈论一座住宅时,应该具备一定的自由度,而不是试图用一种方式解决所有问题。

一般来说,我们建筑师往往会画出过于强势的平面图,以至于无法形成空间。在某些情况下,需要允许它们出现偏差和例外。我们要让住宅不仅仅是一个清晰的方案,还要是一个宜居的环境。以构图和公式化原则来思考要容易得多。要想更进一步,创造出真正的建筑空间,而不仅仅是几何序列,需要付出更多的努力和更高的技巧。为此,我们必须在房间中寻找脆弱、人性,甚至是典型的存在

2019年,您在哈佛大学设计学院的讲座中谈到了坎客利斯宅内部的柱子。它们起什么作用?在结构上它们似乎并不必要。

有时你去酒吧,房间中央有一根柱子。也许在靠近柱子的地方放一张桌子会很不错。坐在那里等着某人,或许你不会感到孤单。或许你已经和 “某人“在一起了。

重要的是将柱子视为空间中的存在,而不仅仅是纯粹的结构部件。它们在建筑上可能是必需的,但最重要的是,它们是质量的集中体现,在某些情况下具有直观的人性特质。

柱子不仅是结构元素。柱子也是一种有助于组织空间的存在。

坎客利斯宅包含许多这样的空间角色,是一种平衡的空间场景。它们很容易被认为是多余的,也绝不是实用的,但它们却提供了其他的东西。它们的存在绝对不是不合理的。

例如,窗户不仅是开口,也是房间。虽然大海就在下面,它的庞大就在那里,但房间吸收并柔化了这个狂野的界面,不仅提供了一个受保护的坐下来读书的地方,还将大海的景色和存在呈现给了住宅的其他部分。

我认为,强调建筑中每个元素的作用至关重要。在任何元素中都隐藏着许多其他方案。坎客利斯宅就是这种好奇心的一个例子。伍重考虑的是事物之间的关系,而不是单独的功能或形象。他设计的是一个房间、一栋住宅、一片土地的各个瞬间的序列。

请和我们多讲讲是什么让坎客利斯宅具有如此令人愉悦的环境。

当约翰客伍重来到马略卡岛时,他发现了当地的砂岩马雷石(marés),这种传统材料被用于建造全岛的流行建筑和代表性建筑(从猪圈到教堂,例如帕尔马的隆贾鱼市)。在上世纪70年代,这种材料还被认为是一种过时的材料。在现代社会,整个建筑行业转向了混凝土,这是一种大规模生产的材料,进而加速了对不断增长的大规模旅游需求的响应。

作为一个社会,我们用提供另一种舒适的东西——低初始投资、可预测性、规律性、快捷性和新技术,如恒温器、空调、加湿器等——取代了与我们的气候相适应的普通传统材料。廉价的能源促成了这种复杂而简单的变化。现在,由于气候危机,我们开始重新发现以前的原始材料和技术具有许多智能优势。在马略卡岛,夏季经常出现4045摄氏度的高温,而具有高热惯性的马雷石有助于保持建筑物凉爽。这种石材还具有吸湿性,也就是说,由于它的多孔性,在凉爽的月份里会吸收水分子。当天气变得非常炎热时,水分蒸发,就像建筑物在出汗一样,自我调节温度。这种吸湿特性与交叉通风策略相结合,能以自然的方式为空间降温。 

伍重具有远见卓识,他仔细研究了当地材料的特性和施工技术,以充分利用它们的所有优势。我认为他的所有项目中都是如此。他知道,每个地方都有其特殊性,无论你走到哪里,都会遇到一个基本问题:我手头有什么,我可以用手头的资源做什么?

使用当地的天然材料通常意味着某种程度的不规则和瑕疵。这是否是一个温馨之家的重要特征?

我发现,天然材料的完美的瑕疵有助于使空间人性化。你永远不会看到两块完全相同的砂岩或两块完全相同的木头。这些差异给房屋带来了独特的回声。马雷石是一种很轻的石头,可以用手锯切割。

我觉得有趣的是伍重展示了这种脆弱性,他完全了解这种材料的承受能力,在施工过程中不可能做到毫厘不差,他知道这一点,并欣赏石材在尺寸上的宽容度。这涉及到一定程度的不可预测性和接受未知的能力。

随着时间的推移,伍重的住宅经历了多次改建。例如,在某一时刻,建筑师扩大了餐厅,并在厨房和餐厅之间增加了一些台阶。所有这些改造都是坎客利斯宅建筑风格的一部分。他想让人们知道,这栋住宅是一栋普通的住宅,也就是说,它是可以重新布置的。

有一种建筑,我们可以将其比作鸡蛋:外表漂亮,精致,完美,但不可触摸,你不能添加或移除任何东西,否则就会打破蛋壳。

还有一种建筑,它允许被修改,允许人们拥有它。这就是传统建筑,也是坎客利斯宅的建筑方式。

202344

JAUME MAYOL

(Mallorca, 1976) together with Irene Pérez Piferrer(Barcelona, 1976) runs a tiny architectural practice Ted'A in Mallorca. He has an Architecture Degree from the Vallés School of Architecture (ETSAV-UPC 2000) and a Ph. D. from the Catalonia Polytechnic University (UPC, 2010). He lectured extensively in the most prominent universities of the world. He is currently teaching in Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio.

www.tedaarquitectes.com

JAUME MAYOL

(Mallorca, 1976) together with Irene Pérez Piferrer(Barcelona, 1976) runs a tiny architectural practice Ted'A in Mallorca. He has an Architecture Degree from the Vallés School of Architecture (ETSAV-UPC 2000) and a Ph. D. from the Catalonia Polytechnic University (UPC, 2010). He lectured extensively in the most prominent universities of the world. He is currently teaching in Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio.

www.tedaarquitectes.com

JAUME MAYOL

(Mallorca, 1976) together with Irene Pérez Piferrer(Barcelona, 1976) runs a tiny architectural practice Ted'A in Mallorca. He has an Architecture Degree from the Vallés School of Architecture (ETSAV-UPC 2000) and a Ph. D. from the Catalonia Polytechnic University (UPC, 2010). He lectured extensively in the most prominent universities of the world. He is currently teaching in Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio.

www.tedaarquitectes.com