WHAT IS A HOUSE FOR住宅所为何

Itsuko Hasegawa: In Japan, Terunobu Fujimori built a house in a tree, and Kazuo Shinohara built one with a bedroom underground - the House of Earth. I think there are people who want to live and breathe in a special atmosphare. When I design the houses, I strive to create environments that feel comfortable, regardless of their construction. I believe comfort is achieved through various factors, such as good air quality, greenery that provides a sense of relaxation, and the size of the space.

THE SKY HOUSE IS ESSENTIALLY ONE-SPACE SYSTEM, ALL THE INDIVIDUAL ZONES ARE FRAGMENTS OF ONE BIG WHOLE. FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE, DO PEOPLE FEEL WELL IN THIS TYPE OF CONFIGURATION?

Louis Kahn’s idea of a house as a collection of rooms was widely introduced in Japan after the war. However, this idea was planned in the field of new living styles such as condominiums, and the idea did not take root in single-family homes. When the concept of privacy was introduced from abroad, everyone began to lock their private room. Shortly afterward, a series of problems arose. Some children were locked up, others refused to go to school, and some wives refused to work, etc.

The possibility of complete separation within the house became an issue, and these problems led everyone to gradually turn off their keys. This was the process at the time: even when new ways of thinking were introduced, people eventually returned to the merits of traditional ways of thinking.

Originally, the wooden single-family houses in Japan stemmed from the Minka type. Children’s rooms were never completely separate; they were behind sliding doors made of paper.

Even now, when I go to the countryside, weddings, funerals, or banquets are held in single-family houses by removing sliding doors to make a big space. But once that event is over, you put a sliding door as a partition, then the space can become a series of bedrooms. I think that kind of house is the prototype of Japanese wooden house. Kikutake was inspired by the hall of his parents’s traditional house, where community meetings were held. He brought a multi-purpose space and turned it into a newly married couple’s room, built high above the ground and made of concrete.

KIKUTAKE-SAN WAS AN EXPONENT OF METABOLISM.

Basically, Kurokawa-san and Kikutake-san were leading the movement but Tange-san was also partially involved. Kurokawa-san’s tower, the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building, and Kikutake-san’s Sky House with a replaceable children’s room called Movenet are examples of ideas involving movement, change of use, plugins, etc. However, the idea of Metabolism was not embraced by all architects. The concept of putting a children’s room under the house and removing it when the child grew up and went to university or abroad was a clear reflection of the idea of Metabolism. I think Sky House’s idea of replaceable kitchens and bathroom units was very useful in subsequent hotels and new condominium kitchens.

IS SKY HOUSE A PERMANENT BUILDING? METABOLISM IS PREMISED ON THE IDEA OF DIGESTING THINGS THROUGH REPLACING, RATHER THAN PERMANENCE OR ETERNITY.

I don’t think there is any idea of consuming it. It’s constructed out of concrete, which should ensure its structural longevity. However, the crucial factor is whether those who wish to live in it will stay for an extended period. In Japan, traditional buildings are often made of wood, designed to be inhabited for generations. There is a wall system known as the Shinkabe wall system, with the structure exposed to the air. If the structure is exposed, its durability may be damaged and it will not last long. Many Japanese Minka houses feature the Ookabe wall system, where outer walls are coated with earth. This system is also found in numerous contemporary Japanese buildings. In contrast, in Europe, for instance in Switzerland, houses often have wooden walls and exposed wooden structures, which can be a challenging to maintain. Japanese houses, typically utilizing the Ookabe wall system, so the wooden structures last a long time.

The Sky House, for example, is already 65 years old since its construction. Kikutake-san’s son and his grandchildren now live there. Regardless of the initial ideas behind a house, its permanence is ensured as long as it has no structural or construction problems and meets the needs of new generations.

DO YOU WANT THE PERMANENCE IN THE HOUSES YOU DESIGN?

Of course, I look for permanence in the houses I design. I’ve constructed small, low-cost houses, and they can endure for a significant duration if there’s someone to inherit them. Many are now in the hands of the second or third generation. For instance, the House in Kakio has already been built for about 50 years.

During my time as a member of the Shinohara Laboratory, I built approximately ten small experimental houses. While they have undergone some remodeling, none of them have been destroyed and are still being lived in. Wooden houses and Minka can last for two or three hundred years. It doesn’t mean that they won’t last because they are made of wood. But there is only one concrete house, and that is a House in Midorigaoka. It was destroyed last year after the client couple passed away.

WHAT MATERIALS DO YOU USE WHEN YOU DESIGN THE HOUSE?

I often design wooden houses, but when we want to make them look lighter from the outside, we often incorporate a thin steel frame. I appreciate houses that are open to the city, though this doesn’t mean that is completely transparent structures. On occasions, I utilize expanded metal for the facade, and by passing through it, light like sunlight filtering through the trees pours into the room. This metal facade not only brings pleasant light to the inside but also provides a level of privacy by obstructing the view from the outside.

SKY HOUSE IS A BUILDING THAT MIXES TRADITIONAL SHAPES OF THE ROOF, MODERNIST AESTHETIC DETAILS, AND INFRASTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.

When constructing in urban areas, one must consider not only the roof but also the overall form, materials, and colors to seamlessly integrate into the cityscape, contributing to its development. Building something unique in a city requires careful consideration, as its peculiarity could disrupt the city’s landscape. This is why, when building small houses in apartment complexes or new development areas, where numerous houses coexist, I called it 「Bosotto (whisper in Japanese) art」. The aim is to make the outer walls as inconspicuous as possible. Whether it’s in a city with lots of densely packed houses or in the suburbs with lots of nature, I think we need to have a strong awareness of creating architecture within that environment; otherwise, the building may not harmonize well with its environment. The Sky House, constructed on a slope, there is a space beneath it created by a retaining wall.

Kikutake utilized this area effectively in his office, where numerous photos captured people having parties, making models, and conducting meetings. This pilotis space, also served as an outdoor working area. I believe that by lifting the house with concrete pillars, it is possible to use it in a variety of ways.

YOU SPEAK OF ‘ RESTORING ARCHITECTURE TO THE PEOPLE IN SOCIETY WHO USE THE ARCHITECTURE’ . IN TERMS OF A HOUSE, WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THIS?

I have published even my small houses in architectural magazines with the intention of sending a message to society. I want the general public to use this as a starting point for thinking about their own lives and homes. Through these publications, I aim to raise issues and convey messages, particularly to students of architecture and individuals involved in house construction. It is my hope that these ideas spark meaningful reflections on the design of living spaces and contribute to a broader discussion on lifestyle and housing.

WHAT WOULD IT YOUR MESSAGE TO THE SOCIETY AT THE MOMENT?

I believe the concept of coexistence holds greater significance than the dream of a single-family house. A house can be small, and the spaces between houses should be communal, adorned with plants wherever possible. I have a preference for earth, grass, and greenery in general. To me, greenery is a crucial element that fosters comfort, both for the eyes and the body. But some people love the rooftops of apartments. I feel that there is more diverse than in the past, in terms of where they want to live and what they feel comfortable with.

16.06.2023

长谷川逸子:在日本,藤森照信建立了一座树屋,筱原一男建了一座卧室在地下的住宅——"地之家"。我想现如今有部分人希望在一种特别的氛围中生活和呼吸。设计住宅时,我致力于创造让人感觉轻松舒适的环境,无论其构造如何。我相信舒适感是通过各种因素实现的,例如良好的空气质量、提供放松感的绿色植物以及空间的尺度。

天宅本质上是单空间系统,个人的领域被视为全体中的一部分。根据您的亲身经历,您觉得人们对这种布局感觉良好么?

战后,路易斯客康关于住宅是房间集合体的理念在日本被广泛采用。不过,这一理念只在公寓等新居住方式的领域内施行,并没有深入于单户住宅中。当“隐私”的概念从国外传入时,每个人开始将自己的私人房间上锁。但不久之后,一系列问题接踵而至:有的孩子用这种方式拒绝上学,而有的妻子拒绝出去工作等等。这些问题导致人们又拆除了门锁。

在住宅内将室内完全分隔的可能性成为了一个议题,上述的那些问题导致每个人逐渐收起了自己的钥匙。这就是当时的过程:即使引入了新的理念,人们最终仍回归到传统思维方式的好处上来。

最初,日本的木制独户住宅源于民家式。孩子们的房间从来都不是完全分隔的,而是放在用纸做成的拉门后面。

即使在今天,当我去农村时,人们也会拆除屋内的推拉门腾出空间去举办婚礼、葬礼或宴会。当活动结束后,收拾一番再使用推拉门作为一种隔断,空间就可以变为一系列卧室。我认为这种房屋就是日本木制房屋的原型。菊竹的灵感来自于他父母传统式住宅里可以举办婚礼和葬礼的大厅。他拿来一个多功能的空间,将其变成了新婚夫妇的房间,高高地建在地面层之上,并由混凝土打造。

菊竹先生是新陈代谢主义的提倡者。

基本上可以讲,黑川先生和菊竹先生都是这场运动的领导者,但丹下先生也参与其中。黑川先生的中银胶囊塔和菊竹先生的天宅(带有可更换的儿童房,名为Movenet)都是涉及移动、改变用途和插件等理念的具体表现。然而,"新陈代谢主义"的理念并没有被所有建筑师所接受。将儿童房悬挂在房子下面,并在孩子长大后去上大学或出国时将其拆除,是新陈代谢主义理念的有力体现。我认为天宅提出的可更换厨房和浴室单元的理念在后来的酒店和新公寓厨房中广泛运用。

您认为天宅是一座永续的建筑吗?比起永续或永恒,新陈代谢主义的底层逻辑是在替代的过程中消化分解。

我不认为这里有任何消费它的想法。这些建筑是用混凝土建造的,所以我认为它们在结构上会经久耐用。不过,最关键的因素是希望生活在其中的人是否会长期居住。在日本,传统建筑通常由木头制成,旨在可以让几个世代一起居住。有一种墙体系统被称为"真壁墙",其结构暴露在空气中。如果结构暴露,其耐久性可能会受到破坏,寿命也不会太长。许多日本民间住宅都采用“大壁墙”,即在外墙上覆土。许多现代日本建筑也采用了这种系统。相比之下,在欧洲,例如在瑞士,住宅经常采用木质墙壁和裸露的木质结构,这在维护方面很有挑战性。日本的住宅通常采用的大壁墙可以使木结构使用很长时间。

例如,天宅自建成以来已有65年的历史。菊竹先生的儿子和孙子现在就住在这里。无论最初建造住宅的想法如何,只要其结构或建筑没有问题,并能满足新一代的需求,就能确保永续性。

您希望自己设计的住宅具有永续性吗?

当然,我希望我设计的住宅能够经久耐用。我建造的住宅规模小、造价低,如果有人能继承它们就能持续使用下去。现在,许多已经传到了第二代或第三代手中。例如,柿生的住宅已经建造了约50年。

在我担任筱原研究室成员期间,我建造了大约10座用来实验的小住宅。虽然它们经过了一些改建,但没有一栋建筑被毁坏,至今仍有人居住。木制住宅和民家式住宅可以使用两三百年。

这代表着它们不会因为是木头做的就不耐用。但只有绿丘的住宅使用了混凝土。去年,业主夫妇去世后,它就被摧毁了。

您在设计住宅时使用了哪些材料?

我经常设计木制住宅,但当我们想让它们从外观上看起来更轻盈时,我们通常会采用轻钢结构。我欣赏向城市开放的房屋,但这并不意味着它的结构是完全透明的。在某些情况下,我会使用金属网板作为外立面,光线通过它就会像透过树木的阳光一样洒进房间。这种金属立面不仅能为室内带来宜人的光线,还能阻挡来自室外的视线,提供一定程度上的私密性。

天宅是一座混合了传统屋顶形状、现代主义美学细节和基础设施元素的建筑。

在城市地区建造时,不仅要考虑屋顶,还要考虑其整体形式、材料和颜色,以便完美融合于城市景观中,为其发展作出贡献。在城市中建造独特的东西时需要慎重考虑,因为其特殊性可能会扰乱城市的整体景观。因此,当我在公寓区或新开发区建造小型住宅时,我称之为"Bosotto(日语中的耳语)艺术"。其目的是使外墙尽可能得不显眼。无论是在房屋密集的城市,还是在自然环境优美的郊区,我认为我们都需要有一种强烈的意识——在此环境中创造建筑,否则,建筑可能无法与环境和谐共处。建在斜坡上的天宅下有一个由挡土墙形成的空间。

而菊竹在他的事务所里有效地利用了这一空间,他在这里使用大量的照片记录了人们聚会、制作模型和开会的场景。这个底层架空空间同时也是室外工作区。我相信通过用混凝土柱抬高住宅可以将其在多种用途上使用。

您提到"将建筑还给社会中使用它的人们"。就住宅而言,您的意思是什么?

即使是小住宅的作品我也会发表在建筑杂志上,目的是向社会传递一个信息:我希望人们以此为跳板,思考自己的生活方式和生存环境。我希望通过这些出版物向社会提出问题并传递信息,特别是向建筑专业的学生和尝试建造房屋的人。我希望这些想法能够引发关于在居住空间设计上的有意义的讨论,并为更广泛地讨论生活方式和住宅本身做出贡献。

您目前想向社会传达什么信息?

我认为,共存,多样性和包容比单户住宅的梦想更有意义。住宅可以很小,住宅之间的空间则该是公共的,并尽可能用植物点缀。我偏爱泥土、草地等自然环境。对我来说,绿色是促进舒适的重要元素,无论是对眼睛还是身体都是如此。但也有人喜欢公寓的天台。我意识到与过去相比,现在的人有更多种类的场所去居住,有更多的方法让人居住舒适。

2023616

Itsuko Hasegawa: In Japan, Terunobu Fujimori built a house in a tree, and Kazuo Shinohara built one with a bedroom underground - the House of Earth. I think there are people who want to live and breathe in a special atmosphare. When I design the houses, I strive to create environments that feel comfortable, regardless of their construction. I believe comfort is achieved through various factors, such as good air quality, greenery that provides a sense of relaxation, and the size of the space.

THE SKY HOUSE IS ESSENTIALLY ONE-SPACE SYSTEM, ALL THE INDIVIDUAL ZONES ARE FRAGMENTS OF ONE BIG WHOLE. FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE, DO PEOPLE FEEL WELL IN THIS TYPE OF CONFIGURATION?

Louis Kahn’s idea of a house as a collection of rooms was widely introduced in Japan after the war. However, this idea was planned in the field of new living styles such as condominiums, and the idea did not take root in single-family homes. When the concept of privacy was introduced from abroad, everyone began to lock their private room. Shortly afterward, a series of problems arose. Some children were locked up, others refused to go to school, and some wives refused to work, etc.

The possibility of complete separation within the house became an issue, and these problems led everyone to gradually turn off their keys. This was the process at the time: even when new ways of thinking were introduced, people eventually returned to the merits of traditional ways of thinking.

Originally, the wooden single-family houses in Japan stemmed from the Minka type. Children’s rooms were never completely separate; they were behind sliding doors made of paper.

Even now, when I go to the countryside, weddings, funerals, or banquets are held in single-family houses by removing sliding doors to make a big space. But once that event is over, you put a sliding door as a partition, then the space can become a series of bedrooms. I think that kind of house is the prototype of Japanese wooden house. Kikutake was inspired by the hall of his parents’s traditional house, where community meetings were held. He brought a multi-purpose space and turned it into a newly married couple’s room, built high above the ground and made of concrete.

KIKUTAKE-SAN WAS AN EXPONENT OF METABOLISM.

Basically, Kurokawa-san and Kikutake-san were leading the movement but Tange-san was also partially involved. Kurokawa-san’s tower, the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building, and Kikutake-san’s Sky House with a replaceable children’s room called Movenet are examples of ideas involving movement, change of use, plugins, etc. However, the idea of Metabolism was not embraced by all architects. The concept of putting a children’s room under the house and removing it when the child grew up and went to university or abroad was a clear reflection of the idea of Metabolism. I think Sky House’s idea of replaceable kitchens and bathroom units was very useful in subsequent hotels and new condominium kitchens.

IS SKY HOUSE A PERMANENT BUILDING? METABOLISM IS PREMISED ON THE IDEA OF DIGESTING THINGS THROUGH REPLACING, RATHER THAN PERMANENCE OR ETERNITY.

I don’t think there is any idea of consuming it. It’s constructed out of concrete, which should ensure its structural longevity. However, the crucial factor is whether those who wish to live in it will stay for an extended period. In Japan, traditional buildings are often made of wood, designed to be inhabited for generations. There is a wall system known as the Shinkabe wall system, with the structure exposed to the air. If the structure is exposed, its durability may be damaged and it will not last long. Many Japanese Minka houses feature the Ookabe wall system, where outer walls are coated with earth. This system is also found in numerous contemporary Japanese buildings. In contrast, in Europe, for instance in Switzerland, houses often have wooden walls and exposed wooden structures, which can be a challenging to maintain. Japanese houses, typically utilizing the Ookabe wall system, so the wooden structures last a long time.

The Sky House, for example, is already 65 years old since its construction. Kikutake-san’s son and his grandchildren now live there. Regardless of the initial ideas behind a house, its permanence is ensured as long as it has no structural or construction problems and meets the needs of new generations.

DO YOU WANT THE PERMANENCE IN THE HOUSES YOU DESIGN?

Of course, I look for permanence in the houses I design. I’ve constructed small, low-cost houses, and they can endure for a significant duration if there’s someone to inherit them. Many are now in the hands of the second or third generation. For instance, the House in Kakio has already been built for about 50 years.

During my time as a member of the Shinohara Laboratory, I built approximately ten small experimental houses. While they have undergone some remodeling, none of them have been destroyed and are still being lived in. Wooden houses and Minka can last for two or three hundred years. It doesn’t mean that they won’t last because they are made of wood. But there is only one concrete house, and that is a House in Midorigaoka. It was destroyed last year after the client couple passed away.

WHAT MATERIALS DO YOU USE WHEN YOU DESIGN THE HOUSE?

I often design wooden houses, but when we want to make them look lighter from the outside, we often incorporate a thin steel frame. I appreciate houses that are open to the city, though this doesn’t mean that is completely transparent structures. On occasions, I utilize expanded metal for the facade, and by passing through it, light like sunlight filtering through the trees pours into the room. This metal facade not only brings pleasant light to the inside but also provides a level of privacy by obstructing the view from the outside.

SKY HOUSE IS A BUILDING THAT MIXES TRADITIONAL SHAPES OF THE ROOF, MODERNIST AESTHETIC DETAILS, AND INFRASTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.

When constructing in urban areas, one must consider not only the roof but also the overall form, materials, and colors to seamlessly integrate into the cityscape, contributing to its development. Building something unique in a city requires careful consideration, as its peculiarity could disrupt the city’s landscape. This is why, when building small houses in apartment complexes or new development areas, where numerous houses coexist, I called it 「Bosotto (whisper in Japanese) art」. The aim is to make the outer walls as inconspicuous as possible. Whether it’s in a city with lots of densely packed houses or in the suburbs with lots of nature, I think we need to have a strong awareness of creating architecture within that environment; otherwise, the building may not harmonize well with its environment. The Sky House, constructed on a slope, there is a space beneath it created by a retaining wall.

Kikutake utilized this area effectively in his office, where numerous photos captured people having parties, making models, and conducting meetings. This pilotis space, also served as an outdoor working area. I believe that by lifting the house with concrete pillars, it is possible to use it in a variety of ways.

YOU SPEAK OF ‘ RESTORING ARCHITECTURE TO THE PEOPLE IN SOCIETY WHO USE THE ARCHITECTURE’ . IN TERMS OF A HOUSE, WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THIS?

I have published even my small houses in architectural magazines with the intention of sending a message to society. I want the general public to use this as a starting point for thinking about their own lives and homes. Through these publications, I aim to raise issues and convey messages, particularly to students of architecture and individuals involved in house construction. It is my hope that these ideas spark meaningful reflections on the design of living spaces and contribute to a broader discussion on lifestyle and housing.

WHAT WOULD IT YOUR MESSAGE TO THE SOCIETY AT THE MOMENT?

I believe the concept of coexistence holds greater significance than the dream of a single-family house. A house can be small, and the spaces between houses should be communal, adorned with plants wherever possible. I have a preference for earth, grass, and greenery in general. To me, greenery is a crucial element that fosters comfort, both for the eyes and the body. But some people love the rooftops of apartments. I feel that there is more diverse than in the past, in terms of where they want to live and what they feel comfortable with.

16.06.2023

长谷川逸子:在日本,藤森照信建立了一座树屋,筱原一男建了一座卧室在地下的住宅——"地之家"。我想现如今有部分人希望在一种特别的氛围中生活和呼吸。设计住宅时,我致力于创造让人感觉轻松舒适的环境,无论其构造如何。我相信舒适感是通过各种因素实现的,例如良好的空气质量、提供放松感的绿色植物以及空间的尺度。

天宅本质上是单空间系统,个人的领域被视为全体中的一部分。根据您的亲身经历,您觉得人们对这种布局感觉良好么?

战后,路易斯客康关于住宅是房间集合体的理念在日本被广泛采用。不过,这一理念只在公寓等新居住方式的领域内施行,并没有深入于单户住宅中。当“隐私”的概念从国外传入时,每个人开始将自己的私人房间上锁。但不久之后,一系列问题接踵而至:有的孩子用这种方式拒绝上学,而有的妻子拒绝出去工作等等。这些问题导致人们又拆除了门锁。

在住宅内将室内完全分隔的可能性成为了一个议题,上述的那些问题导致每个人逐渐收起了自己的钥匙。这就是当时的过程:即使引入了新的理念,人们最终仍回归到传统思维方式的好处上来。

最初,日本的木制独户住宅源于民家式。孩子们的房间从来都不是完全分隔的,而是放在用纸做成的拉门后面。

即使在今天,当我去农村时,人们也会拆除屋内的推拉门腾出空间去举办婚礼、葬礼或宴会。当活动结束后,收拾一番再使用推拉门作为一种隔断,空间就可以变为一系列卧室。我认为这种房屋就是日本木制房屋的原型。菊竹的灵感来自于他父母传统式住宅里可以举办婚礼和葬礼的大厅。他拿来一个多功能的空间,将其变成了新婚夫妇的房间,高高地建在地面层之上,并由混凝土打造。

菊竹先生是新陈代谢主义的提倡者。

基本上可以讲,黑川先生和菊竹先生都是这场运动的领导者,但丹下先生也参与其中。黑川先生的中银胶囊塔和菊竹先生的天宅(带有可更换的儿童房,名为Movenet)都是涉及移动、改变用途和插件等理念的具体表现。然而,"新陈代谢主义"的理念并没有被所有建筑师所接受。将儿童房悬挂在房子下面,并在孩子长大后去上大学或出国时将其拆除,是新陈代谢主义理念的有力体现。我认为天宅提出的可更换厨房和浴室单元的理念在后来的酒店和新公寓厨房中广泛运用。

您认为天宅是一座永续的建筑吗?比起永续或永恒,新陈代谢主义的底层逻辑是在替代的过程中消化分解。

我不认为这里有任何消费它的想法。这些建筑是用混凝土建造的,所以我认为它们在结构上会经久耐用。不过,最关键的因素是希望生活在其中的人是否会长期居住。在日本,传统建筑通常由木头制成,旨在可以让几个世代一起居住。有一种墙体系统被称为"真壁墙",其结构暴露在空气中。如果结构暴露,其耐久性可能会受到破坏,寿命也不会太长。许多日本民间住宅都采用“大壁墙”,即在外墙上覆土。许多现代日本建筑也采用了这种系统。相比之下,在欧洲,例如在瑞士,住宅经常采用木质墙壁和裸露的木质结构,这在维护方面很有挑战性。日本的住宅通常采用的大壁墙可以使木结构使用很长时间。

例如,天宅自建成以来已有65年的历史。菊竹先生的儿子和孙子现在就住在这里。无论最初建造住宅的想法如何,只要其结构或建筑没有问题,并能满足新一代的需求,就能确保永续性。

您希望自己设计的住宅具有永续性吗?

当然,我希望我设计的住宅能够经久耐用。我建造的住宅规模小、造价低,如果有人能继承它们就能持续使用下去。现在,许多已经传到了第二代或第三代手中。例如,柿生的住宅已经建造了约50年。

在我担任筱原研究室成员期间,我建造了大约10座用来实验的小住宅。虽然它们经过了一些改建,但没有一栋建筑被毁坏,至今仍有人居住。木制住宅和民家式住宅可以使用两三百年。

这代表着它们不会因为是木头做的就不耐用。但只有绿丘的住宅使用了混凝土。去年,业主夫妇去世后,它就被摧毁了。

您在设计住宅时使用了哪些材料?

我经常设计木制住宅,但当我们想让它们从外观上看起来更轻盈时,我们通常会采用轻钢结构。我欣赏向城市开放的房屋,但这并不意味着它的结构是完全透明的。在某些情况下,我会使用金属网板作为外立面,光线通过它就会像透过树木的阳光一样洒进房间。这种金属立面不仅能为室内带来宜人的光线,还能阻挡来自室外的视线,提供一定程度上的私密性。

天宅是一座混合了传统屋顶形状、现代主义美学细节和基础设施元素的建筑。

在城市地区建造时,不仅要考虑屋顶,还要考虑其整体形式、材料和颜色,以便完美融合于城市景观中,为其发展作出贡献。在城市中建造独特的东西时需要慎重考虑,因为其特殊性可能会扰乱城市的整体景观。因此,当我在公寓区或新开发区建造小型住宅时,我称之为"Bosotto(日语中的耳语)艺术"。其目的是使外墙尽可能得不显眼。无论是在房屋密集的城市,还是在自然环境优美的郊区,我认为我们都需要有一种强烈的意识——在此环境中创造建筑,否则,建筑可能无法与环境和谐共处。建在斜坡上的天宅下有一个由挡土墙形成的空间。

而菊竹在他的事务所里有效地利用了这一空间,他在这里使用大量的照片记录了人们聚会、制作模型和开会的场景。这个底层架空空间同时也是室外工作区。我相信通过用混凝土柱抬高住宅可以将其在多种用途上使用。

您提到"将建筑还给社会中使用它的人们"。就住宅而言,您的意思是什么?

即使是小住宅的作品我也会发表在建筑杂志上,目的是向社会传递一个信息:我希望人们以此为跳板,思考自己的生活方式和生存环境。我希望通过这些出版物向社会提出问题并传递信息,特别是向建筑专业的学生和尝试建造房屋的人。我希望这些想法能够引发关于在居住空间设计上的有意义的讨论,并为更广泛地讨论生活方式和住宅本身做出贡献。

您目前想向社会传达什么信息?

我认为,共存,多样性和包容比单户住宅的梦想更有意义。住宅可以很小,住宅之间的空间则该是公共的,并尽可能用植物点缀。我偏爱泥土、草地等自然环境。对我来说,绿色是促进舒适的重要元素,无论是对眼睛还是身体都是如此。但也有人喜欢公寓的天台。我意识到与过去相比,现在的人有更多种类的场所去居住,有更多的方法让人居住舒适。

2023616

Itsuko Hasegawa: In Japan, Terunobu Fujimori built a house in a tree, and Kazuo Shinohara built one with a bedroom underground - the House of Earth. I think there are people who want to live and breathe in a special atmosphare. When I design the houses, I strive to create environments that feel comfortable, regardless of their construction. I believe comfort is achieved through various factors, such as good air quality, greenery that provides a sense of relaxation, and the size of the space.

THE SKY HOUSE IS ESSENTIALLY ONE-SPACE SYSTEM, ALL THE INDIVIDUAL ZONES ARE FRAGMENTS OF ONE BIG WHOLE. FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE, DO PEOPLE FEEL WELL IN THIS TYPE OF CONFIGURATION?

Louis Kahn’s idea of a house as a collection of rooms was widely introduced in Japan after the war. However, this idea was planned in the field of new living styles such as condominiums, and the idea did not take root in single-family homes. When the concept of privacy was introduced from abroad, everyone began to lock their private room. Shortly afterward, a series of problems arose. Some children were locked up, others refused to go to school, and some wives refused to work, etc.

The possibility of complete separation within the house became an issue, and these problems led everyone to gradually turn off their keys. This was the process at the time: even when new ways of thinking were introduced, people eventually returned to the merits of traditional ways of thinking.

Originally, the wooden single-family houses in Japan stemmed from the Minka type. Children’s rooms were never completely separate; they were behind sliding doors made of paper.

Even now, when I go to the countryside, weddings, funerals, or banquets are held in single-family houses by removing sliding doors to make a big space. But once that event is over, you put a sliding door as a partition, then the space can become a series of bedrooms. I think that kind of house is the prototype of Japanese wooden house. Kikutake was inspired by the hall of his parents’s traditional house, where community meetings were held. He brought a multi-purpose space and turned it into a newly married couple’s room, built high above the ground and made of concrete.

KIKUTAKE-SAN WAS AN EXPONENT OF METABOLISM.

Basically, Kurokawa-san and Kikutake-san were leading the movement but Tange-san was also partially involved. Kurokawa-san’s tower, the Nakagin Capsule Tower Building, and Kikutake-san’s Sky House with a replaceable children’s room called Movenet are examples of ideas involving movement, change of use, plugins, etc. However, the idea of Metabolism was not embraced by all architects. The concept of putting a children’s room under the house and removing it when the child grew up and went to university or abroad was a clear reflection of the idea of Metabolism. I think Sky House’s idea of replaceable kitchens and bathroom units was very useful in subsequent hotels and new condominium kitchens.

IS SKY HOUSE A PERMANENT BUILDING? METABOLISM IS PREMISED ON THE IDEA OF DIGESTING THINGS THROUGH REPLACING, RATHER THAN PERMANENCE OR ETERNITY.

I don’t think there is any idea of consuming it. It’s constructed out of concrete, which should ensure its structural longevity. However, the crucial factor is whether those who wish to live in it will stay for an extended period. In Japan, traditional buildings are often made of wood, designed to be inhabited for generations. There is a wall system known as the Shinkabe wall system, with the structure exposed to the air. If the structure is exposed, its durability may be damaged and it will not last long. Many Japanese Minka houses feature the Ookabe wall system, where outer walls are coated with earth. This system is also found in numerous contemporary Japanese buildings. In contrast, in Europe, for instance in Switzerland, houses often have wooden walls and exposed wooden structures, which can be a challenging to maintain. Japanese houses, typically utilizing the Ookabe wall system, so the wooden structures last a long time.

The Sky House, for example, is already 65 years old since its construction. Kikutake-san’s son and his grandchildren now live there. Regardless of the initial ideas behind a house, its permanence is ensured as long as it has no structural or construction problems and meets the needs of new generations.

DO YOU WANT THE PERMANENCE IN THE HOUSES YOU DESIGN?

Of course, I look for permanence in the houses I design. I’ve constructed small, low-cost houses, and they can endure for a significant duration if there’s someone to inherit them. Many are now in the hands of the second or third generation. For instance, the House in Kakio has already been built for about 50 years.

During my time as a member of the Shinohara Laboratory, I built approximately ten small experimental houses. While they have undergone some remodeling, none of them have been destroyed and are still being lived in. Wooden houses and Minka can last for two or three hundred years. It doesn’t mean that they won’t last because they are made of wood. But there is only one concrete house, and that is a House in Midorigaoka. It was destroyed last year after the client couple passed away.

WHAT MATERIALS DO YOU USE WHEN YOU DESIGN THE HOUSE?

I often design wooden houses, but when we want to make them look lighter from the outside, we often incorporate a thin steel frame. I appreciate houses that are open to the city, though this doesn’t mean that is completely transparent structures. On occasions, I utilize expanded metal for the facade, and by passing through it, light like sunlight filtering through the trees pours into the room. This metal facade not only brings pleasant light to the inside but also provides a level of privacy by obstructing the view from the outside.

SKY HOUSE IS A BUILDING THAT MIXES TRADITIONAL SHAPES OF THE ROOF, MODERNIST AESTHETIC DETAILS, AND INFRASTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.

When constructing in urban areas, one must consider not only the roof but also the overall form, materials, and colors to seamlessly integrate into the cityscape, contributing to its development. Building something unique in a city requires careful consideration, as its peculiarity could disrupt the city’s landscape. This is why, when building small houses in apartment complexes or new development areas, where numerous houses coexist, I called it 「Bosotto (whisper in Japanese) art」. The aim is to make the outer walls as inconspicuous as possible. Whether it’s in a city with lots of densely packed houses or in the suburbs with lots of nature, I think we need to have a strong awareness of creating architecture within that environment; otherwise, the building may not harmonize well with its environment. The Sky House, constructed on a slope, there is a space beneath it created by a retaining wall.

Kikutake utilized this area effectively in his office, where numerous photos captured people having parties, making models, and conducting meetings. This pilotis space, also served as an outdoor working area. I believe that by lifting the house with concrete pillars, it is possible to use it in a variety of ways.

YOU SPEAK OF ‘ RESTORING ARCHITECTURE TO THE PEOPLE IN SOCIETY WHO USE THE ARCHITECTURE’ . IN TERMS OF A HOUSE, WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THIS?

I have published even my small houses in architectural magazines with the intention of sending a message to society. I want the general public to use this as a starting point for thinking about their own lives and homes. Through these publications, I aim to raise issues and convey messages, particularly to students of architecture and individuals involved in house construction. It is my hope that these ideas spark meaningful reflections on the design of living spaces and contribute to a broader discussion on lifestyle and housing.

WHAT WOULD IT YOUR MESSAGE TO THE SOCIETY AT THE MOMENT?

I believe the concept of coexistence holds greater significance than the dream of a single-family house. A house can be small, and the spaces between houses should be communal, adorned with plants wherever possible. I have a preference for earth, grass, and greenery in general. To me, greenery is a crucial element that fosters comfort, both for the eyes and the body. But some people love the rooftops of apartments. I feel that there is more diverse than in the past, in terms of where they want to live and what they feel comfortable with.

16.06.2023

长谷川逸子:在日本,藤森照信建立了一座树屋,筱原一男建了一座卧室在地下的住宅——"地之家"。我想现如今有部分人希望在一种特别的氛围中生活和呼吸。设计住宅时,我致力于创造让人感觉轻松舒适的环境,无论其构造如何。我相信舒适感是通过各种因素实现的,例如良好的空气质量、提供放松感的绿色植物以及空间的尺度。

天宅本质上是单空间系统,个人的领域被视为全体中的一部分。根据您的亲身经历,您觉得人们对这种布局感觉良好么?

战后,路易斯客康关于住宅是房间集合体的理念在日本被广泛采用。不过,这一理念只在公寓等新居住方式的领域内施行,并没有深入于单户住宅中。当“隐私”的概念从国外传入时,每个人开始将自己的私人房间上锁。但不久之后,一系列问题接踵而至:有的孩子用这种方式拒绝上学,而有的妻子拒绝出去工作等等。这些问题导致人们又拆除了门锁。

在住宅内将室内完全分隔的可能性成为了一个议题,上述的那些问题导致每个人逐渐收起了自己的钥匙。这就是当时的过程:即使引入了新的理念,人们最终仍回归到传统思维方式的好处上来。

最初,日本的木制独户住宅源于民家式。孩子们的房间从来都不是完全分隔的,而是放在用纸做成的拉门后面。

即使在今天,当我去农村时,人们也会拆除屋内的推拉门腾出空间去举办婚礼、葬礼或宴会。当活动结束后,收拾一番再使用推拉门作为一种隔断,空间就可以变为一系列卧室。我认为这种房屋就是日本木制房屋的原型。菊竹的灵感来自于他父母传统式住宅里可以举办婚礼和葬礼的大厅。他拿来一个多功能的空间,将其变成了新婚夫妇的房间,高高地建在地面层之上,并由混凝土打造。

菊竹先生是新陈代谢主义的提倡者。

基本上可以讲,黑川先生和菊竹先生都是这场运动的领导者,但丹下先生也参与其中。黑川先生的中银胶囊塔和菊竹先生的天宅(带有可更换的儿童房,名为Movenet)都是涉及移动、改变用途和插件等理念的具体表现。然而,"新陈代谢主义"的理念并没有被所有建筑师所接受。将儿童房悬挂在房子下面,并在孩子长大后去上大学或出国时将其拆除,是新陈代谢主义理念的有力体现。我认为天宅提出的可更换厨房和浴室单元的理念在后来的酒店和新公寓厨房中广泛运用。

您认为天宅是一座永续的建筑吗?比起永续或永恒,新陈代谢主义的底层逻辑是在替代的过程中消化分解。

我不认为这里有任何消费它的想法。这些建筑是用混凝土建造的,所以我认为它们在结构上会经久耐用。不过,最关键的因素是希望生活在其中的人是否会长期居住。在日本,传统建筑通常由木头制成,旨在可以让几个世代一起居住。有一种墙体系统被称为"真壁墙",其结构暴露在空气中。如果结构暴露,其耐久性可能会受到破坏,寿命也不会太长。许多日本民间住宅都采用“大壁墙”,即在外墙上覆土。许多现代日本建筑也采用了这种系统。相比之下,在欧洲,例如在瑞士,住宅经常采用木质墙壁和裸露的木质结构,这在维护方面很有挑战性。日本的住宅通常采用的大壁墙可以使木结构使用很长时间。

例如,天宅自建成以来已有65年的历史。菊竹先生的儿子和孙子现在就住在这里。无论最初建造住宅的想法如何,只要其结构或建筑没有问题,并能满足新一代的需求,就能确保永续性。

您希望自己设计的住宅具有永续性吗?

当然,我希望我设计的住宅能够经久耐用。我建造的住宅规模小、造价低,如果有人能继承它们就能持续使用下去。现在,许多已经传到了第二代或第三代手中。例如,柿生的住宅已经建造了约50年。

在我担任筱原研究室成员期间,我建造了大约10座用来实验的小住宅。虽然它们经过了一些改建,但没有一栋建筑被毁坏,至今仍有人居住。木制住宅和民家式住宅可以使用两三百年。

这代表着它们不会因为是木头做的就不耐用。但只有绿丘的住宅使用了混凝土。去年,业主夫妇去世后,它就被摧毁了。

您在设计住宅时使用了哪些材料?

我经常设计木制住宅,但当我们想让它们从外观上看起来更轻盈时,我们通常会采用轻钢结构。我欣赏向城市开放的房屋,但这并不意味着它的结构是完全透明的。在某些情况下,我会使用金属网板作为外立面,光线通过它就会像透过树木的阳光一样洒进房间。这种金属立面不仅能为室内带来宜人的光线,还能阻挡来自室外的视线,提供一定程度上的私密性。

天宅是一座混合了传统屋顶形状、现代主义美学细节和基础设施元素的建筑。

在城市地区建造时,不仅要考虑屋顶,还要考虑其整体形式、材料和颜色,以便完美融合于城市景观中,为其发展作出贡献。在城市中建造独特的东西时需要慎重考虑,因为其特殊性可能会扰乱城市的整体景观。因此,当我在公寓区或新开发区建造小型住宅时,我称之为"Bosotto(日语中的耳语)艺术"。其目的是使外墙尽可能得不显眼。无论是在房屋密集的城市,还是在自然环境优美的郊区,我认为我们都需要有一种强烈的意识——在此环境中创造建筑,否则,建筑可能无法与环境和谐共处。建在斜坡上的天宅下有一个由挡土墙形成的空间。

而菊竹在他的事务所里有效地利用了这一空间,他在这里使用大量的照片记录了人们聚会、制作模型和开会的场景。这个底层架空空间同时也是室外工作区。我相信通过用混凝土柱抬高住宅可以将其在多种用途上使用。

您提到"将建筑还给社会中使用它的人们"。就住宅而言,您的意思是什么?

即使是小住宅的作品我也会发表在建筑杂志上,目的是向社会传递一个信息:我希望人们以此为跳板,思考自己的生活方式和生存环境。我希望通过这些出版物向社会提出问题并传递信息,特别是向建筑专业的学生和尝试建造房屋的人。我希望这些想法能够引发关于在居住空间设计上的有意义的讨论,并为更广泛地讨论生活方式和住宅本身做出贡献。

您目前想向社会传达什么信息?

我认为,共存,多样性和包容比单户住宅的梦想更有意义。住宅可以很小,住宅之间的空间则该是公共的,并尽可能用植物点缀。我偏爱泥土、草地等自然环境。对我来说,绿色是促进舒适的重要元素,无论是对眼睛还是身体都是如此。但也有人喜欢公寓的天台。我意识到与过去相比,现在的人有更多种类的场所去居住,有更多的方法让人居住舒适。

2023616

Itsuko Hasegawa

After graduating from the Department of Architecture at Kanto Gakuin University, Itsuko Hasegawa became a research student in the Department of Architecture at Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1979 she established Itsuko Hasegawa Atelier. Her projects include a variety of houses and public buildings. In 1986 she received the Design Prize from the Architectural Institute of Japan for her Bizan Hall project. Her residential projects also earned a Japan Cultural Design Award. She won first prize in the open competition for the Shonandai Cultural Center. In 1997 she was elected as one of the Honorary Fellows of RIBA.  She has completed her winning entry for the Niigata City Performing-Arts Center and Area Development.  In 2000 she received the Japan Art Academy Award. In 2001 she received the Honorary Degree Award at University College London. In 2006 she was elected as one of the Honorary Fellows of AIA.

www.ihasegawa.com

Itsuko Hasegawa

After graduating from the Department of Architecture at Kanto Gakuin University, Itsuko Hasegawa became a research student in the Department of Architecture at Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1979 she established Itsuko Hasegawa Atelier. Her projects include a variety of houses and public buildings. In 1986 she received the Design Prize from the Architectural Institute of Japan for her Bizan Hall project. Her residential projects also earned a Japan Cultural Design Award. She won first prize in the open competition for the Shonandai Cultural Center. In 1997 she was elected as one of the Honorary Fellows of RIBA.  She has completed her winning entry for the Niigata City Performing-Arts Center and Area Development.  In 2000 she received the Japan Art Academy Award. In 2001 she received the Honorary Degree Award at University College London. In 2006 she was elected as one of the Honorary Fellows of AIA.

www.ihasegawa.com

Itsuko Hasegawa

After graduating from the Department of Architecture at Kanto Gakuin University, Itsuko Hasegawa became a research student in the Department of Architecture at Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1979 she established Itsuko Hasegawa Atelier. Her projects include a variety of houses and public buildings. In 1986 she received the Design Prize from the Architectural Institute of Japan for her Bizan Hall project. Her residential projects also earned a Japan Cultural Design Award. She won first prize in the open competition for the Shonandai Cultural Center. In 1997 she was elected as one of the Honorary Fellows of RIBA.  She has completed her winning entry for the Niigata City Performing-Arts Center and Area Development.  In 2000 she received the Japan Art Academy Award. In 2001 she received the Honorary Degree Award at University College London. In 2006 she was elected as one of the Honorary Fellows of AIA.

www.ihasegawa.com